Articles, Books, Data, Reports, Websites
AU Databases
The Walt Disney Company. (2022). 2022 annual report. https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/investor-relations/
If you use resources like Simmons, SAGE Data or the Complete Economic and Demographic Data Source (CEDDS), you will need to know how to cite data sets. Below is an example, and more information can be found at the APA Style Blog.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, July 20). Inflation Rate: 1-year inflation rate, all areas, all items, 01/1914 - 06/2023. [Data
set]. Sage Data. https://doi.org/10.6068/DP189898115BB14
Journal Article
Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal italicized, volume number italicized(Issue number), Page numbers. URL or DOI link*
Cui, Y., Cao, Y., Ji, Y., I‐Shin Chang, & Wu, J. (2022). Determinant factors and business strategy in a sustainable business model: An
explorative analysis for the promotion of solid waste recycling technologies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(5), 2533-2545. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3042
*Note: if the journal article was retrieved from a database such as ProQuest, EBSCO or JSTOR but does not include a DOI, do not include the URL. If the article has a non-database URL, the URL should be included. If the database publishes original or proprietary content that are only available in that database, as is the case with many business resources, provide the name of the database and the database homepage, rather than the session-specific URL that appears in your browser.
Trade Publication or Magazine Article
Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year, Month and Day of publication, if available). Title of article. Title of Magazine italicized, Volume number italicized(Issue number, if available). URL or DOI link
Duff, M. (2022). Links in the chain: here’s what grocers need to know about evolving cold-storage solutions. Progressive Grocer, 101(10), 68-72.
Newspaper Article
Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year, Month and Day of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper italicized. URL for article
Isaac, M. and Metz, C. (2023, July 18). Meta unveils a more powerful A.I. and isn’t fretting over who uses it. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/technology/meta-ai-open-source.html
**For more detail on when to use a DOI and when to use a URL, see this APA Style Blog flowchart.
Author, A. (date of publication). Title of document. http://URL
Note: the title of the website or webpage should be italicized in the reference list if the work on the page stands alone but not italicized if it is part of a greater whole (if this is not clear, choose what you think makes the most sense).
Note: The format description is used only when the format is something out of the ordinary, such as lecture notes; otherwise, it's not necessary.
Web page or something found on a website
Thorbecke, C. (2023, July 22). "It almost doubled our workload": AI is supposed to make jobs easier. These workers disagree. CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/22/tech/ai-jobs-efficiency-productivity/index.html
Web page where no author and/or date is identified
American University. (n.d.). Kogod School of Business - Our story. https://www.american.edu/kogod/about/
It can be helpful to use generative AI to supplement your other research resources but before using ChatGPT or other AI sources in your paper, check with your professor to make sure doing so is permitted.
The world of generative AI is rapidly evolving and citation formats are doing their best to keep pace. We’ve captured how APA recommends citing AI below as of Summer 2023, but if you are reading this much later than Summer 2023, check out the APA blog to see if their recommendation has changed: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/
When citing AI as a source, you’re really sharing an algorithmic output and therefore you want to credit the author of algorithm, which in the case of ChatGPT is Open AI. If you’re citing Copilot, the author would be Microsoft.
Open AI (2023). ChatGPT (July2023 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
In other words, the author is the algorithm’s author; the title is the name of the model; the version number is the retrieval date; and the descriptor is large language model.
You might also want to add the full text generated by AI to an appendix or any supplemental materials.
The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2022). Country report: Lithuania. https://www.eiu.com/
The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2021). Country commerce: Malaysia. https://www.eiu.com/
Davidkhanian, S. (2022). U.S. retail mobile app features benchmark 2022: What makes retail apps sticky? A guide to the features consumers value
most. eMarketer Insider Intelligence. https://www.insiderintelligence.com/
Willens, M. (2022). Publisher ad monetization: Ad buyers and sellers are rewriting the rules of engagement as privacy-first era dawns. eMarketer
Insider Intelligence. https://www.insiderintelligence.com/
Euromonitor. (2023, January). Apparel and footwear in the US [Country report]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/our-
Briefing
Linares, F. (2023, June 23). Retail Shifts in Latin American Fashion. [Briefing]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/our-expertise/passport
Chart
Euromonitor. (2023, April). Apparel and footwear in Latin America: sales of apparel and footwear. [Chart]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/our-expertise/passport
First Research. (2022, July 18). Government Sector. [Industry Profile]. https://www.firstresearch.com/
First Research. Industry prospector - Human resource metrics - Employment wages. [Data Set]. Retrieved August 2, 2022 from https://www.firstresearch.com/
Dun & Bradstreet Hoovers. (n.d.). Berkshire Hathaway – Company summary [Company profile]. Hoovers. Retrieved August 4, 2022
from https://signon.onesource.com/Web/Logon/Signin.aspx
Rose, A. (July 2022). Ice Cream Production in the U.S. (31152) [Industry profile]. IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/
International Monetary Fund. (2022). Republic of South Sudan: 2022 Article IV consultation and second review under the staff monitoring program
[Country report]. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/
Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. (2022). Reports - Industry - Furniture and fixtures. Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mergentkbr.com/
Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. (2022). Ratios - Industry Food & Kindred Spirits- Solvency. Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mergentkbr.com/
Pastre, T. (2022). U.S. beverage market outlook 2022: Inflation, supply chains & trends in beverage consumption [Market report]. Packaged Facts.
https://www.marketresearch.com/
Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group [Company profile]. Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php
Mergent. (n.d.). Hain Celestial Group: Mark L. Schiller [Executive bio]. Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php
You may need to use a search engine to find the URL for a particular report.
Reports, articles, etc:
Roberts, W., Jr. (29, July 2022). Nuts, Seeds and Trail Mix US, 2022 [Industry report]. Mintel. https://www.mintel.com/academic
Market Sizes content:
Mintel. (n.d.). Breakfast cereals - Australia - market size [Data set]. Retrieved August 4, 2022 from https://www.mintel.com/academic
MSCI ESG Research LLC. (2022, 29 July). GSK PLC ratings report [Company profile]. https://www.msci.com/msci-esg-manager
MSCI ESG Research LLC. (2022, June). Diversified Chemicals [Industry rating]. https://www.msci.com/msci-esg-manager
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2022, July 12). OECD handbook on measuring the space economy (2nd
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, July 20). Inflation Rate: 1-year inflation rate, all areas, all items, 01/1914 - 06/2023. [Data
set]. Sage Data. https://doi.org/10.6068/DP189898115BB14
Company Profile:
Standard &Poor's. (2020). Restaurant Brands International [Company profile]. Capital IQ. https://www.standardandpoors.com/
Industry Survey:
Scarola, C. & Ko, W. (2020, May). Aerospace & defense [Industry survey]. S&P NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com
Since the title of the dataset is not very descriptive of your particular data retrieved, include a description of the variables you used so that somebody else could figure out what you did.
MRI-Simmons. (2022). Spring 2019 NHCS adult study 12 month [Cell phones / smartphones brands owned by consumer demographics - age,
gender, household income] [Data set]. Retrieved August 5, 2022 from https://www.mrisimmons.com/
MRI-Simmons. (2022). Spring 2019 NHCS adult study 6 month [Computer software types owned by age] [Data set]. Retrieved August 5, 2022
from https://www.mrisimmons.com/
SimplyAnalytics. (2019). [Map of Minneapolis, MN metro with family income $200,000 and over]. Census US. http://app.simplyanalytics.com
Look under the Source section for “Survey by” -- that is the author
IRI. (2023, July 13). Frozen pizza sales in the United States from 2015 to 2022 (in billions of dollars). [Chart]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/
Anything without a named author:
Statista. (2023, June 1). Revenue of the laptops & tablets market in the United States from 2016 to 2026 (in billions of U.S. dollars). [Chart]. Statista.
Armstrong, M. (2020, June 4). UK government approval on the slide [Infographic]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/
SRDS Media Solutions. (n.d.). Beloit Daily News [Publication profile]. Retrieved May 22, 2020 from https://next.srds.com/
SQAD. (2020). Augusta, GA [SQAD TV report]. SRDS Media Solutions. https://next.srdr.com/
Competitive Media Reporting. (n.d.) Mixed media. Kellogg’s Raison Bran [Kellogg media spend for June – September 2024] [Data set]. Vivvix. Retrieved Nov. 21, 2024, from https://www.vivvix.com/home
The Wall Street Transcript. (2023, July 5). Interview with the CEO and Board Chair: Etho Capital. https://www.twst.com/
Winmo. (2022). 2022 Q1 Media Spend. Fed Ex Corporation. [Media Spend]. Retrieved August 2, 2022 from https://my.winmo.com/hubignite