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A primary source is a first hand account. Among the type of documents general considered primary sources are:
Often an old publication, e.g. anything before the twentieth century, is considered a primary document. The reasoning being that it is a first hand account of that time period.
Sometimes, secondary sources, such as scholarly journal or magazine articles, are considered primary sources. It depends on the subject of study. For example, a study of popular culture in the nineteenth century would use magazines as a primary source. Similarly, topics in intellectual history would use journal articles as primary documents.
The following databases and websites are useful in finding the location of primary and archival collections. Most of these are in the United States, however, many collections pertinent to U.S. history are located throughout the world.
Archive Finder is an index of over 206,000 manuscript collections as well as a directory of primary source repositories in the United States, United Kingdom, and Ireland. Researchers can use it to determine whether a collection contains material useful to their work. Archive Finder is comprised of ArchivesUSA and the cumulative index to the National Inventory of Documentary Sources in the UK and Ireland (NIDS UK/Ireland).
In support of the University's budget mitigation efforts, AU Library had to make cuts to our collection and cancel some resources. Unfortunately, access to Archive Finder ended June 30, 2025.
We recommend these resources as alternatives:
ArchiveGrid
The UK National Archives
US National Archives Catalog
The National Archives of Ireland
National Records of Scotland (NRS)
For more information about the library’s cancellation process, please see the Scholarly Resource Cancellations Subject Guide.
Coverage: 1300 to present. Updated: Weekly, often daily.
A large collection of census records, vital records, immigration records, family histories, military records, court and legal documents, directories, photos, maps, and more from the U.S., Canada, U.K., Germany, Russia, eastern Europe, and China. From Ancestry.com.
The U.S. collections contain census records; birth, death, and marriage records including the Social Security Death Index; and U.S. border crossing and trans-ocean ship records.
We subscribe to more than 70 collections:
Afghanistan and the U.S., 1945-1963: Records of the U.S. State Department Central Classified Files
African America, Communists, and the National Negro Congress, 1933-1947
America in Protest: Records of Anti-Vietnam War Organizations, The Vietnam Veterans Against the War
American Indian Correspondence: Presbyterian Historical Society Collection of Missionaries' Letters, 1833-1893
American Indian Movement and Native American Radicalism
Archives of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament: Annual Reports, Minutes and other Records, 1958-1972
Archives of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament: Annual Reports, Minutes and other Records, 1973-1980, and pamphlets and serial items, 1958-1980
Archives of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament: Annual Reports, Minutes and other Records, pamphlets and serial items, 1981-1985
Archives of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament: Pamphlets and Serials, 1985-1990 and Bruce Kent's Speeches and Articles, 1981-1989
Archives of the Work Projects Administration and Predecessors, 1933-1943: Final State Reports for the Federal Music Project, the Federal Art Project, the Museum Extension Project, the Federal Theatre Project, and the Federal Writers' Project
Black Liberation Army and the Program of Armed Struggle
Black Nationalism and the Revolutionary Action Movement: The Papers of Muhammad Ahmad (Max Stanford)
City and Business Directories: Alabama, 1837-1929
City and Business Directories: Louisiana, 1805-1929
City and Business Directories: Maryland, 1752-1929
City and Business Directories: Mississippi, 1860-1929
City and Business Directories: Tennessee, 1849-1929
City and Business Directories: Virginia, 1801-1929
City and Business Directories: West Virginia, 1839-1929
Correspondence from German Concentration Camps and Prisons
Counterattack Project: The FBI Files
East Germany from Stalinization to the New Economic Policy, 1950-1963
Evangelism in Africa: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1835-1910
FBI File on Albert Einstein
FBI File on America First Committee
FBI File on Harry Dexter White
FBI File on Joseph Kennedy
FBI File on Nelson Rockefeller
FBI File on Robert F. Kennedy
FBI Surveillance of James Forman and SNCC
Federal Response to Radicalism in the 1960s
Federal Surveillance of African Americans, 1920-1984
Federal Surveillance of the Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño
Feminism in Cuba: Nineteenth through Twentieth Century Archival Documents
Food History: Printed and Manuscript Recipe Books, 1669-1990
Foreign Relations between Latin America and the Caribbean States, 1930-1944
George H. W. Bush and Foreign Affairs: The Moscow Summit and the Dissolution of the USSR
German Anti-Semitic Propaganda, 1909-1941
Global Missions and Theology
Grassroots Civil Rights & Social Activism: FBI Files on Benjamin J. Davis, Jr.
Greensboro Massacre, 1979
Holocaust and the Concentration Camp Trials: Prosecution of Nazi War Crimes
Intelligence Reports from the National Security Council's Vietnam Information Group, 1967-1975
Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees: The West's Response to Jewish Emigration
JFK and Foreign Affairs, 1961-1963
Japan at War and Peace, 1930-1949: U.S. State Department Records on the Internal Affairs of Japan
Japanese-American Relocation Camp Newspapers: Perspectives on Day-to-Day Life
Jewish Underground Resistance: The David Diamant Collection
Journaux de la Révolution de 1848 (Newspapers of the French Revolution 1848)
La France pendant la guerre 1939-1945: Résistance et journaux de Vichy (Voices from Wartime France 1939-1945: Clandestine Resistance and Vichy Newspapers)
Liberation Movement in Africa and African America
Literature, Culture and Society in Depression Era America: Archives of the Federal Writers' Project
Mountain People: Life and Culture in Appalachia
National Farm Worker Ministry: Mobilizing Support for Migrant Workers, 1939-1985
National Security and FBI Surveillance Enemy Aliens
Nazi Bank and Financial Institutions: U.S. Military Government Investigation Reports and Interrogations of Nazi Financiers, 1945-1949
Nazism in Poland: The Diary of Governor-General Hans Frank
Nuremberg Laws and Nazi Annulment of German Jewish Nationality
Official and Confidential Files of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover
Papers of Amiri Baraka, Poet Laureate of the Black Power Movement
Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin: Beyond the Daughters of Bilitis
Phyllis Lyon, Del Martin and the Daughters of Bilitis
Republic of New Afrika
SAFEHAVEN Reports on Nazi Looting of Occupied Countries and Assets in Neutral Countries
Southern Negro Youth Congress and the Communist Party
The Amerasia Affair, China, and Postwar Anti-Communist Fervor
The Chinese Civil War and U.S.-China Relations: Records of the U.S. State Department's Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-1955
The Hindu Conspiracy Cases: Activities of the Indian Independence Movement in the U.S., 1908-1933
The Jewish Question: Records from the Berlin Document Center
The Minutemen, 1963-1969: Evolution of the Militia Movement in America, Part I
The War Department and Indian Affairs, 1800-1824
Through the Camera Lens: The Moving Picture World and the Silent Cinema Era, 1907-1927
Tiananmen Square and U.S.-China relations, 1989-1993
U.S. Relations with the Vatican and the Holocaust, 1940-1950
We Were Prepared for the Possibility of Death: Freedom Riders in the South, 1961
Witchcraft in Europe and America
Women's Issues and Their Advocacy Within the White House, 1974-1977
Women's Periodicals: Social and Political Issues
World Communism: Pamphlets from McMaster University
Formed in 1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) expanded from its roots in Minnesota and broadened its political agenda to include a searching analysis of the nature of social injustice in America. These FBI files provide detailed information on the evolution of AIM as an organization of social protest and the development of Native American radicalism.
Includes two collections, American Periodicals Series Online (APS Online) and American Periodicals from the Center for Research Libraries (APCRL), that contain digitized images of the pages of American magazines and journals published from colonial days to the middle of the 20th century.
Declassified by the State Department, the Records of the Office of Chinese Affairs, 1945-1955, provide valuable insight into numerous domestic issues in Communist and Nationalist China, U.S. containment policy as it was extended to Asia, and Sino-American relations during the post-war period.
This resource was made possible through the Class of '32 Library Fund. 
This primary source collection contains digitized images of nearly every extant book, pamphlet, and broadside published in America from 1639 to 1819. Series I is based on a definitive work called the American Bibliography by Charles Evans and covers 1639-1800. Series II, based on the authoritative bibliography by Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, covers 1801-1819.
This resource contains digitized images of nearly every extant book, pamphlet, and broadside published in America from 1639 to 1800. Early American Imprints consists of more than 36,000 works and 2,400,000 images; it is an important resource for information about every aspect of life in seventeenth and eighteenth-century America.
Full images of over 36,000 books, pamphlets and broadsides published in the U.S. in the early 19th century covering all aspects of American life. Based on the "American Bibliography 1801-1819" by Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker.
This resource was initially purchased thanks to a donation from the Roger H. and Nancy Brown Endowed Library Fund. 
A collection of over 125,000 titles, from the first book published in English, through 1700. Disciplines covered include literature, history, philosophy, theology, music, and the sciences.
Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) features the digitized format of 150,000 printed works -- nearly every significant English-language and foreign-language title printed in the United Kingdom, along with thousands of important works from the Americas.
The DDRS contains about 700,000 declassified documents from 1900 to 2008. These documents are from the U.S. presidential libraries and the National Archives, and deal with nearly every major foreign and domestic event.
This resource was purchased in part through the generous support of Ronald Hamowy and Clement Ho.
Declassified documents central to US foreign and military policy since 1945. Documents include presidential directives, memos, diplomatic dispatches, meeting notes, independent reports, briefing papers, White House communications, emails, confidential letters, and other secret materials.
FBI files on radical U.S. figures and organizations. Documents cover 1956 to 1971.
Contains files of the FBI Counterintelligence Program (CONTELPRO) from 1956 to 1971 on prominent black Americans and their organizations.
Documents of the Kennedy Administration (1961 to 1963) taken from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library related to international affairs. The documents span from 1958 to 1964.
Documents of Patricia Lindh's and Jeanne Holm's liaison activities with women's groups and their advocacy within the White House during the Ford Administration on issues of special interest to women. Includes material accumulated by presidential counselor Anne Armstrong and Office of Women's Programs Director Karen Keesling.
Boolean operators:
AND - use to narrow a search and get fewer and more relevant results.
elections and voters
OR - use to broaden a search and get more results. Good for synonyms and words with variant spellings. Add parentheses when using OR.
("latin america" or argentina or colombia)
(organization or organisation)
NOT - use to narrow a search to get more relevant results
mexico not "new mexico"
Truncation:
Use to find words with different word endings. Most databases use an asterisk (*)
e.g. immigrant* yields immigrant, immigrants
e.g. immigra* yields immigrant, immigrants, immigrate, immigration, immigrating, etc.
Proximity search:
Use to find words that are close to each other on a page.
It is one way to find more relevant results.
Each family of databases has its own command words.
EBSCO:
n# = words near another word in any order, within a certain number
fundamental* n3 islam*
Factiva:
near# = words near another word in any order, within a certain number
president* near3 speech
HeinOnline
~# = words near each other in any order, within a certain number
"watershed planning"~10
Nexis Uni:
w/#=words within a specified number of words, in any order
"human rights" w/2 violations
w/s = words within the same sentence
crime w/s (dc or "district of columbia")
w/p = words within the same paragraph
gays w/p military
Ovid:
adj# = words near another word in any order, within a certain number
ProQuest:
near/# = words near another word in any order, within a certain number
"renewable energy" near/5 viable
Scopus
w/# = words near another word in any order, within a certain number
Web of Science:
near/# = words near another word in any order, within a certain number
government near/3 fund*